The etiology of depression is discussed in a study by Gudmand-Hoeyer et al. (2014). While depression is associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis many of the resulting hormones synthesized in this system are affected and downstream concentrations directly influence the energy in the brain and muscles. These hormones are synthesized at different rates and times during the day. Utilizing a multi-scale modeling approach, this study was able to show both the circadian and ultradian oscillations of hormones as it is related to depression. The three parameters varying between groups that were examined in this study reveal hypocortisolemic depressed, hypercortisolemic depressed, and non-depressed. The model utilized in this study allows for the complex interpretation of ACTH levels and the resulting synthesis of cortisol and associated depression.
J. Gudmand-Hoeyer et al.(2014). Patient-specific modeling of the neuroendocrine HPA-axis and its relation to depression: Ultradian and circadian oscillations, Mathematical Biosciences, 257(September 2014), 23-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2014.07.013
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